Zinc d3 reddit. Vit-D3 - helped overall mood and happiness.

Zinc d3 reddit Some people take magnesium at night to take advantage of the relaxation effect. So there are likely a few others. Kirkland brand: calcium citrate, magnesium, zinc, vitamin D3. In addition to that, not all of it absorbed. I found that I had moderately low zinc levels - around 70 ug/dl so I started taking zinc supplements and started feeling amazing almost insantly. Here are things that made/make a genuine difference: Methyl-B12 - helped recover from fatigue, severe memory issues. K2 is easier from fermented foods in the grand scheme but taking K2 supps as instructed should suffice if you want it. Zinc is a nmda receptor antagonist and can drastically upregulate these receptors when taken in ridiculous amounts, which can cause excitotoxicity. Pee stream was like the Niagra Falls, unexpected. I measured about 320 total test at one point, started taking "everything" (all the usual stuff) e. Factors which determine dosage are your location relative to the equator, weather, how much time you spend outside, clothing coverage, sunscreen, your skin color, BMI, and genetics. So one in the morning and one at night. So likely comes down to restoring copper with enough in diet (2mg probably as studies show people can start to get heart problems on 1mg), (plus probably need low zinc and mag diet for a while, and enough vit a without tipping it overboard compared to d), then iron restores if enough in diet, then thyroid t3 hormone can stimulate mitochondria Hi, I did yes. Shortly after I began to feel nauseous which I initially attributed to the Vitamin C. Also have in mind to include some working out in your weekly routine. it’s complicated because only taking zinc can cause other minerals like copper to go unbalanced. It didnt make a world of difference but def some improvement. Always take both D3 & K2 and you will always have balanced calcium management. You also don’t want to take excess D3. A few months back (like 4 I guess) I stopped taking it and switched to daily Vitamin D (2000 UI), Zinc (50mg Chileate), and Magnesium(375mg) with vit. I no longer want to choke everyone. I rcm you should take separate supplements like vit D3&K2, C, B-Complex and Magnesiumz Vit D safe limit is 4000IU per day. Studies have found that reduced blood zinc levels could predict vitamin D deficiency in adolescent girls, while zinc supplementation increased vitamin D levels in Zinc 15 mg, with 0,5mg copper. D3 is good but I would find one that is paired with K2. Dec 5, 2024 · A subreddit designed for discussion of supplements and nutraceuticals; for health, performance, or any intended (or not intended) purpose. But I would strongly encourage you to take copper as well. There was a lot of factors when I posted this as well, my sleep and eating wasn’t amazing, but the Magnesium Glycinate was messing up my sleep, it kept me up which happens to a small amount of people. Just anecdotal example but when my symtoms got really bad i started D3 and zinc along with tribulus. No idea why. Maybe a digestion thing. There is no upper limit, but too much B12 can Hi , from my knowledge D3 has 2 co factors (3 if you can count water as co factor) Magnesium , D3 deplete it Vitamin K for calcium going to bone Why there is pepole saying "YOU NEED ZINC ALSO" i didn't get even those will not giving you explanation why " YOU NEED ZINC " as D3 co factor Iron, thiamine (B1), for sure, and I think zinc are all inhibited absorption from coffee. It seems to inhibit viral replication and also helps against respiratory diseases. (I used zinc in high doses, averaged on 45mg, per day. 30 mg of zinc/day is the therapeutic dose and 4000 IU for vitamin D3. I had many of the symptoms of low zinc in addition to hair loss (my canker sores are basically cured!) was also low in D3 so I added that. In the morning I'm taking 1000UI of Vitamin D. Been taking these for years and love them: turmeric, B12, melatonin, women's multivitamin, women's probiotic, calcium magnesium + zinc, vitamin D3. I have followed a daily protocol of D3 and Zinc (50 mg/day) for 3 years. Elemental zinc refers to the weight of zinc itself, and excludes the weight of the compound it is supplemented with to help absorption. Glad the zinc & turmeric works for you! Turmeric used to, so I'm going to try a higher mg amount. Zinc should be supplemented in the range of 25 - 30 mg of elemental zinc per day. That magnesium is mag oxide which is basically trash, go with threonate/glycinate/citrate, you can look into each and get the kind you want or find a blend to suit your needs. Dec 28, 2024 · The main idea of D3 supplementation is to replace what we should be getting from sunlight. 3)Daily calcium intake from diet+supplement=500-700mg 4)Take 50-100mg Magnesium daily(Not magnesium oxide-its useless) in evening/night. I began using 5K Vit D3 gel caps, but now use 10K, and the Vit K2mK7 I use comes in 150 mcg, so all the dosages of Vit K2 use are in multiples of 150. Coming late to this discussion. I believe it was the Glycinate. (Was before taking zinc supplements and didn’t change ) I think Nature's Bounty is much better than we all think. Listen honestly y’all are all overthinking this bullshit vit k2 has been medically proven to increase bone density and growth and in combination with d3 it helps supplement absorption, the bones on our faces react and respond the same as the bones on our body now obviously you can’t drastically morph your jaw structure instantly but k2 makes your already existing bone structure denser and Just off hand I can recall a zinc taste acuity test double blind 300 participant's that also took zinc blood plasma lvls and found the zinc taste test to be pretty damn accurate. Natures Bounty has unabsorbable magnesium. Too much long-term zinc supplementation can lead to zinc toxicity and copper deficiency - which can bring on a lot of serious issues with fatigue, illness, bone health, etc. I currently take garden of life but they don't have a D3/k2 option. I work night shift and I'm African American ( vitamin D3 absorbtion for us is more difficult ). 4mg). But this morning I had a bad bout in the bathroom, my stomach is rumbling, indigestion and back and joint pain in my knuckles. This was all definitely helping but then I came across Ashwagandha, Tongkat Ali, Boron, Vitamin D-3, and the importance of other things like magnesium, zinc, B vitamins, etc. All it took was copious amounts of Zinc, Vitamin D3, Vitamin C, Biotin, and Salicylic Acid. I would add copper 2mg lunch or evening (Zinc depletes copper, take far away) together with K2 (take separately from D3) With magnesium I also take melatonin. Boron 6mg right after my dinner around 5-6pm Zinc gluconate 30mg and magnesium biglycinate 2-400mg 30 minutes before bed. Look up the content of elemental (actual) zinc in whatever product you are taking. D3 with the meal richest in fat. When i finally got tested i came at 232. If you want to utilize testosterone boosting supplements, exercise has proven to be the trigger that starts more rapid testosterone production. B complex (+zinc): useful for hair and general fatigue and health. Magnesium bisglycinate, zinc+copper, d3+k2. But you must have ADEQUATE Magnesium levels (150 mg at least - with 2000 ius of D3), K1 100mcg & MK-4 500mcg, plus a good B-Complex and Zinc. It took out A lot of the pain I had going on and it had taken out a lot of the weird Food habits I had, like I was super craving redbull and Coco pebbles with whole milk parentheses fortified with vitamin D so I wasn't craving the cereal I was craving the milk) I have D3, but since joining I've learned I need k2 as well. Really I think most important is vitamin d3, zinc and NAC. I am guessing from the ferritin reference range that you are male, therefore iron deficiency wouldn't be expected unless you're vegetarian or vegan. ) You won't get a huge boost from test-boosting supplements. This is only anecdotal but I feel that NAC is the biggest needle mover in fighting diseases like the commom cold or influenza. Since they compete for absorption the same way you cannot take the two at the same time. They're a solid brand. Make sure to also get an abundant amount of cofactors which help the body to utilize vitamin D such as magnesium, vitamin K2, boron, zinc and vitamin A. I saw a significant improvement once starting them. Zinc is important too and officially recommended as an early intervention for fighting colds and flues. I use reddit to see the most upvoted first. Great value and quality! Reply reply Vitamin D3 should be taken with Vitamin K2, so opt for the combination (Vitamin D3 + K2) Check your Vitamins if it has Calcium (Multivitamins, Berocca, etc). Just to be safe I take the zinc now only 2/3 times a week while taking the magnesium still every night. Multi and D3 is daily. My gastro doctor also prescribed me some pro/prebiotic tablets, pero out-of-stock palagi, so I just make do with yogurt (pro) mixed with flaxseed meal (pre). THAT is the amount of zinc you are actually taking. Life Extension's "two-per-day" multivitamin has pretty much everything you're looking for, including good doses of zinc, D3, vitamin C, and active forms of B-vitamins. Is it the zinc? I take it in the morning and di ko talaga mapigilan makatulog huhu A subreddit designed for discussion of supplements and nutraceuticals; for health, performance, or any intended (or not intended) purpose. Vit-D3 - helped overall mood and happiness. This is a zinc transporter and helps more zinc get inside the cell. Obviously 30 mg is less than the 50 mg tested in the study and is also within the upper limit dose of 40 mg of zinc a day for adults outlined by The National Institutes of Health. Magnesium Bi-Glycinate has helped my anxiety and jitters greatly and also I've been getting much better sleep. I had some on my fingers that are also completely gone. One pill in am and one with dinner. Others take zinc by itself or with food if it hurts their stomach to take it alone. g. Talk to your doctor before taking more than 40 mg of zinc per day and take breaks from zinc supplementation. Right now, I like them better than other leading brands and here's why. I've had these for almost 3 years and I've nearly won. Reply reply cagfag Multivitamin also contain zinc, so if you want take zinc from other supplements, you need to cut down multivitamin. High levels of Zinc Sulphate (200mg, 2-3 times a day) can reduce sebum production but some may experience temporary gastrointestinal irritation so be aware. It probably doesn't really matter when they are taken or if they are together. zinc in the evening. But otherwise take them a couple hours apart (with or without the vitamins) and it would limit any inhibition that might occur. Zinc will deplete the body of copper. Meanwhile, deficiency in vitamin D has been suggested to increase the Instead of calcium take D3+K2 (not K it has to be K2), search for types of magnesium (some can be used as laxatives), also types of zinc (some can give you more mg of “pure” zinc), you can supplement that with copper (zinc needs this), C (atleast 500mg with D3 your immune system will be better prepared), B-complex (with magnesium your mood may improve in a few weeks) and melatonin (max 0 Having in mind that your results are in the low end of the normal range I would consider supplementing, yes. Zinc, Iron, Magnesium and Calcium all use the same rate-limited pathways in order to enter circulation via the intestines; meaning they compete for absorption when consumed together. . What TYPE of zinc do you take? I used to take a citrate blend, but I read that picolinate absorbs better about 5 or so mos ago so switched to that type, but I don't see any difference either way. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Remember take Zinc & D3/k2 w fat or w food. I added Zinc after my HS specialized dermatologist recommended it based on recent research proving lessening of inflammation. Also take copper to balance the zinc, vitamin d3, vitamin k2 to balance the d3, etc. This is not true. My copper is still low though. It was my biggest line and the majority of my income but they couldn’t ever provide documentation backing their claims and their labels aren’t very transparent. Zinc helps vitamin D3 work its magic, and studies show that taking zinc supplements can boost vitamin D3 levels in folks who don't have enough zinc. The pills are so big and hard to swallow so I didn't want to buy anymore but my fingernails are splitting now so will take anyway. Too much of a Vitamin A might interfere with D3 functions, so better not to exceed 2000 IU of retinol daily and take them separately. Probably not. During those breaks, get zinc from a well-balanced diet. Not a place for discussion of illicit and illegal compounds. All their products are excellent & deliver. D3 and magnesium have huge impacts on overall health and most people don't get nearly enough magnesium through diet and d3 is very hard to get through food. (b12/magnesium/potassium also). Im still oily but not like before and I hope this is not a temporary fix :D I started taking vitamin D (5000 iu daily), magnesium, zinc, and vitamin b12 every day a little more than one month ago. 7 mg manganese 1 mg honey 0. Was using the tribulus prior to the d3 and zinc. You do get some zinc from food and yes it's bad to take too much, no disagreement So taking D3 & K2, along with weight-bearing exercise will optimize the denser bone structure results. Makiki-survey lang, but I take vitamin c w/ zinc. Although zinc is widely prometed as a life changer mineral, it's still a heavy metal and when taken in excess; you won't pee out the unnecessary amount like the case in Vitamin C. A daily intake of 60 mg of zinc for 10 weeks (10 mg from the diet and 50 mg from a zinc supplement) was associated with a decrease in copper status. antioxidants, also has a few other benefits but I bought it since it claims to repair sun damage and provide additional protection from the sun (not as a sunscreen replacement!) (AM) • Probiotics for immunity and gut health I was prescribed a Vit D3 supplement (2000 IU) because I was found to be deficient (from a blood test). And I would take it with a little bit of fat, since it's fat soluble. The upper limit of Zinc is 40 mg, the recommended daily intake is 11 mg. Vitamin D3 always with K2 after a fatty breakfast and zinc & magnesium before bed. I appreciate your individual research and observations. Is it safe to take 50 mg zinc daily? I found this You should not take high doses of zinc for more than a few days unless your doctor tells you to. Fish oil would be next on the list. Also never take zinc or copper on an empty stomach. Edit: Why? Magnesium for hormone support, electrolyte balance and numerous health benefits Zinc+copper for hormone support and numerous health benefits D3+k2 for you guessed it - hormone support, mood and numerous health benefits Bruh your Vit D3, zinc, and b12 are all low. 66 votes, 75 comments. Zinc before breakfast, D3 + omega 3 with breakfast. (Over 80%) You can find liquid zinc sulfate on Amazon for like 15-20 bucks. a day between my Multi and regular D3 pills. Funnily enough I actually am still taking vit d3 + k2. While these are all great supplements, I'd say d3 and magnesium should be taken over zinc. I started Zinc later. Nov 15, 2023 · In particular, zinc and vitamin D have spent time in the spotlight as of late: Because of its anti-viral and immune-regulating properties, zinc has the potential to be a supportive treatment in people with COVID-19, per an August 2020 review in the journal ‌Maturitas‌. 2)Took 50-100mg vitamin B5 containing B complex tablets for upto 3 months maximum. Magnesium, Zinc, D3, Boron, Ashwaganda etc. Depending on what you take, could be nothing or worth looking into. Reply reply If I were prioritizing: high quality Vitamin B complex with high levels of B6 and B12 in the mix, magnesium glycinate, taurate, or carbonate 300mg, fish regularly or cod liver oil daily 1 tablespoon, (threonate good too but expensive - avoid magnesium oxide), zinc glycinate or picolinate 15mg, vitamin D3 if you don’t take cod liver oil. For example, consuming 230 mg of zinc gluconate means consuming 30 mg of elemental zinc. I take K2- Mk7 as well 120mcg with my D3 to avoid calcium and kidney stone problems. Feb 18, 2025 · Perfect! I take higher doses of D3 but up to you. It’s fat soluble, so it stays stored in your body, not secreted out. If you're eating red meat regularly, th Get the Reddit app Scan this QR code to download the app now D3 generally requires 100mcg K2 per 8,000iu Zinc isn’t necessary if you’re eating enough meat meron ako right now are, (my personal prescription from my notes hehe tinamad sorry): Vitamin A 3x a week, 1x /day (fat soluble; w/ meal) Zinc gluconate every other day; Once a day (with meal) or 3x/week Don't use D3 without Magnesium(Banana) - 1-2x/week also K2 with it is great. Any vitamin needs time to build up in the body, esp because most supplements are not 100% bioavalable (only a fraction of a standard dose really gets consumed/used by the body). RDA for men is 11mg. However, when you start taking them MAKE SURE you are also taking magnesium and vit K2. true. Ancient Nutrition is strange. Take a separate 10,000 IU of a D3 & K2 combo capsule. People are taking supplemental D3 since 1990 or earlier. 30mg zinc is good when you're deficient, D3 should be taken with magnesium and vitamin K2, try about 10,000 IU. This study was flawed in two major areas. It fucked my mental health in the long term. Additionally, zinc is a fairly easy nutrition to obtain from food. Stick to a high quality liquid vit D3 formula suspended in a MCT/olive oil carrier and take 5000iu daily with a fatty meal. Careful with zinc though as its possible to get poisoning in the long run. B6(1. Also taking D3 with Triglyceride form of Fish OIl (1 gram) is tremendously beneficial for heart & brain health. Zinc is very important for many bodily processes and often folks don't get enough of it. Vitamin D3 cofactors: Boron, Calcium, Magnesium, Vitamin A, Vitamin K2, Zinc. You may be experiencing cramps/constipation, so drink more water, eat foods to promote bowel movement. Zinc should be paired with quercetin for much better absorption and make sure to not take too much. Zinc at 50 mg daily 2 grams of Lysine daily to 3 grams daily (lysine blocks arginine and arginine is needed for covid virus replication) green tea extract 600 mg a day (no more or you can get liver damage). Magnesium recommendation is based on this. You must understand that most vitamin/mineral ranges are way too low for optimal health. I just bought supplements zinc, magnesium citrate,omega 3 fish oil, boron, and vitamin d can someone please tell me if these are safe . The upper limit of D3 is 4000-10. The only thing that raised my zinc levels and I was trying years. 5 mg It s made to keep the bones strong but I found the complex interesting . I tried Nature's Bounty "Co Q-10" and I noticed an instant difference. I currently take a multi vitamin and separate D3, but I’ve heard a lot about magnesium helping mid-age women lessen some meno symptoms. Wow! Thank you for the informative answer. D3 only co-factors are K2 and magnesium. Might I suggest taking the following zinc, vit d3/k2, fish oil & cod liver oil too which has vit a that's good as well. Complaints went away. Daily moderate dose is more beneficial than high dose once a month. 1x blackmores vitamin D3 tablet (1000IU) 1x blackmores bio magnesium tablet (magnesium oxide - heavy 440mg; magnesium phosphate 175mg; calcium ascorbate dihydrate 50mg; vitamin B6 50mg; vitamin D3 100IU; maganese amino acid chelate 40mg) 2x cenovis vitamin b complex tablets (B1; B2; B3; B5; B6; B12) 1x blackmore's vitamin a tablet (5000IU) Wondering if adding copper and zinc to the supplements I take would help at all. 000 IU, the recommended daily intake is 1000-4000 IU. I got some weird nausea issues at one time, which im not entirely sure if its was the zinc or not. Taking zinc and vitamin D3 together might actually be a good idea. I felt sleepy with lower doses D3. 20 mg of zinc is more than enough even for supporting you in a deficient position. I started taking a zinc supplement daily since a month ago and my skin has been looking better than it has in years. i'm singing the praises of D3. Some companies add oils to d3 anyway, worth checking the ingredient list, I would skip those with vegetable oils. brand i take is walmark from eastern europe : carbonate calcium “400 mg magnesium 155 mg zinc 50 mg vit D 50 mg B5 b6 . 1) No vitamin D3 cofactors: 600 mg/day magnesium, 12-15 mg/day zinc, 1-3 mg/day boron, 700 -900 mcg/day Vitamin A (retinol), vitamin K2 complex (1000 mcg/day MK4 and 200 mcg/day MK7) and 1200 mg/day PUFAs. I also take a zinc/copper supplement, along with things like turmeric, milk thistle and Vit C, but I have done this for many years and still got psoriasis. Zinc has a multitude of functions in the body, including reducing oxidative stress, modulating neurotransmitter receptor function, and regulating gene expression. I think it's Vitamin A because my oil changed and also reduced so fast like on the third day or something. I think I found my remedy for oily skin and it's Vitamin A 5000 or Zinc 30mg. From what I read it seems D3 is best in the morning as there are some anecdotal reports of it interfering with sleep. I’ve been having crazy dizzy spells and horrible fatigue and sleeping 12-13 hours a night and waking up exhausted not able to get up. I like the idea of a combination but not sure about whether there’s any issues taking any of these with hypo. Regard i get the supplements you’ve listed, it’s more crucial to be aware of their mechanisms such as the type of magnesium with greatest bioavailability, synergistic results from pairing D3 with K2 (which you’re already aware of), how zinc depletes copper, etc. Pressure is the trigger. Taking 5000 IU of D3 everyday in the winter and more sparingly in the summer. I have decided I wanted to start taking Vitamin D3, Zinc, and Magnesium however I’m a bit confused on when it’s best to take these supplements separately. I use Pure Encapsulations for Zinc, I highly recommend from MicrobiomeLabs their D3/k2 supp MEGAQuinD. Ive started taking 25mg zinc and vitamin d3 1600IE right before bed, because so many people stated that it would fix low libido and make them hornier and give them more morning wood. Exactly my thought after «I felt so much better after taking vitamins for 2 days». 326,327 Importantly, zinc may inhibit neuronal NMDA glutamate receptors, which are dysregulated in those with depression, and raise BDNF levels, which can promote neuroplasticity Zinc sulfate. I take zinc picolinate, magnesium/calcium, and vitamin k2-d3 in the morning. I can’t post because of karma but I really need someone’s help if possible. (PM) • French Grape Seed S. fish oil, omega-3, and vit. Just like the title says, zinc(!!) helped so much in reducing redness and the number of papules (never had pustules, just papules, which covered my entire face minus my nose and chin). Also it seems Magnesium is best taken at night as it aids in sleep Zinc Vitamin D3 Reply reply YOUEFFOHH • Was wondering who messed with my settings. • Ceramide Supplements for my skin, really pricey but not as a hassle to take like the collagen supplements. I concur with your assessments because D3 & Zinc have been gamechangers in my HS world. You can get higher quality magnesium / zinc with other brands. I've been reading about Zinc and Magnesium supplementation and cannot find definitive answer whether or not to take these two supplements together. I feel good. Unless you’re talking about sucrisomial magnesium or zinc. 🙄 Its super cheap, in Canada anyways, (5$) for a bottle of vitamin d3 capsules and I take 2000iu a day. I only take Zinc 2 days out of the week. IMPORTANT: For those with blogs/channels dealing with supplements or members of companies which sell nutritional supplements. Strong bones and calcium free arteries are the benefits. Other important thing: D3 RDA is based on a mistake , we should take ~ 1,000IU/30lbs body weight. Last night I took some zinc, vitamin C and vitamin D3 because some household members are battling bugs. When I ran out I got more, this time I wanted a "good Zinc is an essential mineral with an important relationship with vitamin D. I've recently added Zinc to my D3 and Multi. Vitamin D3 should definitely be taken with both magnesium and vitamin K2, are both are needed for the body to process it properly. Better to take it daily for a week or two before you take D3 ideally but I was experimenting. I also take a B-complex supplement for nerve issues. Every brand with only the needed ingredients and little additives. (Max duration : 1 year***)*** Becosules Z, becozinc , (without zinc : becosules, becozym C forte))Becosules Z, becozinc , (without zinc : becosules, becozym C forte) Vitamin D3: useful if deficient. The therapeutic dose is the one that is high enough to maintain serum concentrations to a level high enough to have a therapeutic effect. You'd just want some magnesium on the side, because they only include a low dose of the less-bioavailable magnesium oxide. what are the benefits of taking vitamin d at night? Reply reply tsim1994 My go to is 5,000 IU D3 in the morning after I wake up, although I am increasing the dosage. This supports skin hydration. I started with the basic micros (mag, B vits, zinc, etc), nothing extremely different but helped i suppose. Then maybe boron and a multivitamin. Get the Reddit app Please watch this Video from Dr Berg on Vitamin D3, Copper I have been taking 5,000 IU of vitamin D every single day in the morning for 3-4 months. I've been taking a multivitamin daily with almost no breaks for around 4 years now. I still get a random little normal pimple once every few months. Note, when taking D3 its recommended to take it with vitamin K2 so you wont get too much calcium in your blood. Today, I was looking at pictures from earlier this fall and realized that my hair looked a lot thinner then. Calcium, zinc, and mag in rock form are dirt cheap. Does anyone else experience drowsiness almost immediately after? Mga 30 minutes to an hour later basta enough time to get it metabolized. Is it OK that I take them daily or should I be taking a break from time to time and for how long? I currently take 160mg mg(2 pills) of Magnesium Bi-Glycinate (each capsule has 80mg of pure elemental magnesium). Example: 50mg of Zinc Gluconate is actually 7mg elemental zinc. D3 is fine through having proper fat intake, cholesterol (no, it's not bad for you) and sun exposure. u. Magnesium before bedtime. With food since it's fat soluble. So unless you're sunning yourself in the proper way to get d3 year-round, you'll be deficient. Just search Amazon for 'D3 & K2'. I wouldn't go with either one. Life extension is good. Also, ON is selling their supplement at twice the competitive price because they have a brand that's mostly used by gym heads. Same with Collagen. Hair Skin and Nails gummies, Chelated Zinc, D3, Magnesium, liquid Collagen with Biotin and just bought Glucosamine with MSM again today. I take about 4,200 i. Some of the studies show absorption "conflicts" and some of them show they compliment each other. B12 - I take methylcobalamin 1500mcg sublingual tablets 3 times a week at any time of the day, usually before breakfast. ioj dnp dpvs ffffknk akmnhu qhpv mgkghcc exkml nch weivy osdlg hiiit bmmdx sgjpb diwdct
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